Misery of Sylvia Plath Essay -- Poetry

Sylvia Plath: Slanting the Scale of Misery It is often the dismal and gloomy poems that compel us as readers to wonder what was occurring in the poet’s mind, rather than the rhymes of flowers and sunshine. Poems about despair and sadness induce our own emotions and generate speculation as to how such negative thoughts transfer from one’s own mind to the paper, maintaining their sense of torment. Sylvia Plath’s inner suffering is effectively conveyed by way of her disturbing images and noticeable language. To communicate her private pain, she uses a mass event, the Holocaust, as her own expression and by doing so she is robbing the true victims of this historically tragic event for her personal representation. Plath is a Massachusetts native who sustained an exterior perfection throughout her childhood and into her early years at Smith College. However, the death of her father years before seemed to hold lasting distress upon her and a few years into her college career she attempted to commit suicide, which proved to be only the start of her emotional trepidations. After college, she married the English poet, Ted Hughes, with whom she moved back and forth from London to Massachusetts and eventually had two children. After suspicions of infidelity their unstable marriage came to an end. Plath remained in London with her children where she continued writing. Ultimately, during one of the coldest winters on record, her loneliness overcame her ambition and Sylvia Plath killed herself. It was a tragic end to an even more tragically forlorn life, but she left the world with admirable literary works to remember her by. (www.sylviaplath.info) Plath’s poems are recognized for their personally honest annotations of he... ...lved in the Holocaust. To say that Sylvia Plath is a Holocaust writer is incorrect. To say that she attempted to compare her sorrows to that of years of severe suffering by millions accurate. To say that Sylvia Plath’s comparison is shocking and offensive is correct. Works Cited Kutner, Bob. "Bob Kutner: Lamp Shade Made Out of Skin." Holocaust Memorial Day. 26 Nov. 2007 _kutner/lamp_shade_made_out_of_skin.htm>. Olidort, Shoshana. "Sylvia Plath and the Holocaust." The Commentator. 22 Nov. 2005. 26 Nov. 2007 Culture/Sylvia.Plath.And.The.Holocaust-1058400-page2.shtml>. Steinberg, Peter K. "A Celebration, This Is." Biography. 5 Nov. 2002. 26 Nov. 2007 .

Educational leaders in a globalising world

IntroductionThis study shall analyze and depict the extent to which leading is shared in an educational environment such as a higher educational establishment. It shall place and discourse some concerns and jobs in this country, which consequence pupils, such as myself, go toing such establishments. The treatment will be with mention to a suited literature reappraisal and based on my ain experience.DiscussionLeithwood and Riehl ( 2003 ) highlight that in these times school leaders are being held accountable for how well instructors teach and how much pupils learn. They ask the undermentioned inquiry. How does leading work within a high quality educational establishment? Leithwood and Riehl provide two maps of effectual leading, viz. supplying way and exerting influence. While it is frequently difficult to trap point good leading it is frequently easier to see hapless leading in action. Summarizing the major findings from research on school leading techniques, Leithwood and Riehl list five chief claims. First leading straight influences pupil acquisition, either by assisting to advance vision and ensuring resources and procedures are in topographic point. Second there are other of import leaders apart from instructors and decision makers. School principals have been found to assist instructors embrace ends and work together towards continual betterment. Third identifying and undermentioned leading patterns are important in developing the organisation as a whole. Fourthly, school squad leaders when held accountable to orientated school policies respond more fruitfully. Finally school staff respond fruitfully to educating diverse groups of pupils. Their study finds that school leading is most successful when it is focused oninstruction and acquisition. Problems may happen if leading maps are distributed across many informal functions in a school. Responsibility should be coordinated and clear about who takes duty and for what. From a pupil position this is besides really of import since as pupils we need to cognize who to turn to for equal learning support and if there is a job who to turn to. Bottery ( 2006 ) argues that a globalising universe is now the context within which educational leaders need to border their work proposing that an apprehension of the planetary nature of policy issues, and of their impact upon educational work, needs to be incorporated into a re construct of school functions and duties. Economic, political, demographic, cultural, technological, American, lingual and environmental globalisation factors are all countries that need to be considered for effectual educational leading. Gale and Densmore ( 2003 ) identify parametric quantities for how educational leaders might react to the economic and societal conditions presently being experienced. One chief concern for educational leaders at the minute is that instructor groups often do non hold the power to make up one's mind what the budget of their establishment will be. They may merely apportion the financess that are assigned to them from higher direction, and merely so as the last measure in the procedure. As pupils we are frequently frustrated by this every bit frequently we and our immediate educational instructor and or leader are frequently in the best place to see where financess would straight and most usefully better our larning experience. Hence leading as a shared squad frequently brings penetration at assorted degrees that upper direction may non hold the grasp of. Timperley ( 2005 ) besides agrees that the thought of leading should be distributed across multiple people and state of affairss. This proves to be the most utile model for understanding the worlds of schools and how they might be improved. This alternate involves believing of leading in footings of activities and interactions that are distributed across multiple people and state of affairss. He besides notes that leading has ever been distributed within good organisations. Lambert ( 2002 ) recommends that leading capacity among all members of the school community should be encouraged instead that merely looking to the principal entirely for instructional leading. Leadership is the professional work of everyone in the school. Out of that changed civilization will originate a new vision of professional pattern associating taking and larning. Burford ( 2001 ) wants us to see leading as truly a challenge to make and keep, ethical, reliable relevant and joyful relationships within a acquisition community. Education should non be seen as a concern. Burford challenges current leaders to be â€Å" ethically fit † leaders, committed bonders and theoretical accounts of beliefs and values for kids in a context that is about tolerance, understanding and joy. As our current intelligence is dominated by wars, such as those in Iraq and Afganistan, we need it now more than any clip in the last 20 old ages if we are to be true to our vision of a better universe for our kids and their communities. As a pupil we do look up to our educational leaders so this accomplishment is indispensable in harbouring an effectual and actuating larning environment. West-Burnham ( 2004 ) argues that our current thought about leading development is excessively to a great extent focused on the calling of the person. Leadership needs to set greater accent on constructions, procedures and relationships from a more corporate capacity. In add-on he highlights that trust is the â€Å"social glue† of organisational life and that frequently organizations that are high on the trust list tend to surpass other schools that are non. This alteration nevertheless may necessitate to come from the initial leader concerned, which shall in the terminal benefit both the leader and the administration. As a pupil we frequently see educational leaders constrained by their instruction duties where the instruction falls 2nd topographic point to their research activities. In this respect greater clip for both activities should be managed so that the leader concerned can stand out in both countries. From surveies in Australia, Gurr, Lawrie and Mulford ( 2006 ) showed important parts from principals in the countries of capacity edifice and instruction and acquisition. They farther concluded that principals remain an of import and important figure in finding the success of a school. The importance of the principals ‘ values and beliefs as a subject is found in both surveies, as is their of import parts in the countries of capacity edifice and instruction and acquisition. In footings of mentoring and teaming, Drago-Severson and Pinto ( 2006 ) conclude that a school ‘s human resources and puting more grownups in the schoolroom, supply chances for instructor acquisition by cut downing isolation and edifice a more collegial environment. Cranston & A ; Ehrich ( 2004 ) look into the effectivity of Senior Management squads within the direction of Australian schools. They find that the direction squads can offers educational leaders a tool by which they can reply how effectual a squad is and besides how might it be made more effectual. They besides facilitate the development of constructive schemes to better those facets of the squads deemed, by the squad, to be necessitating attending. Duignan and Bezzina ( 2006 ) highlight that the more instructors know and the more skilled they are in learning, the more successful schools will be in progressing acquisition. Whether instructors will cognize more and go more skilled, he suggested, depends on the support they get from policies and context. They point out that in many topographic points, instruction is undervalued, and the conditions for back uping instructors are developing. This state of affairs has effects for the life calling of instructors and schools. Foster ( 2005 ) investigates the ways school betterments, intending the sweetening of pupil acquisition, is generated by principals and other school members. The findings are that competent administrative and teacher leading contribute to school success. In add-on leading is found to be a shared societal influence procedure. As a pupil myself we frequently feel excluded from taking in the school betterment. By giving us pupils greater input in our acquisition waies frequently greater larning efficiency can be achieved. Slater ( 2005 ) draws on the consequences of a larger qualitative, self-contained focal point group study that identified effectual behaviours for school principals to join forces successfully. He asks what are the ways in which the principal influences coaction? Collaboration has the potency to better pupil results and to back up school-wide determination devising. The collaborative behavior of principals in the survey by Slater have been shown to be linked to the affectional sphere. Hence a challenge for principals who wish to work in collaborative ways involves recognizing, apprehension, and pull offing the emotional facets of the collaborative procedure. In add-on Slater points out that more educational leaders must larn to pull off emotionally every bit good as rationally.DecisionMost surveies on educational leading agree that while holding strong leaders, such as a principal is indispensable to the efficient running of an educational school, the leading is most effectual when d istributed across multiple leaders and shared. While a strong direction squad can supply indispensable support for ever inquiring how the school may be made more effectual, a stronger and more effectual learning experience can ensue if the leading is shared down the line, nevertheless the duty for these functions should be good defined within the organisation. In add-on educational establishments should non be seen as a concern and school leading is most successful when it is focused on instruction and acquisition.MentionsBottery, M. ( 2006 ) . Educational leaders in a globalising universe: a new set of precedences? School Leadership & A ; Management, 26 ( 1 ) :5-22 Burford, C. ( 2001 ) . Future Catholic School Leadership: The Search For Joy and Justice. Presentation: Twin Towers Services Club, Coolangatta 2 Cranston, N. & A ; Ehrich, L. ( 2004 ) Leading with, and through, effectual squads, Rehearsing Administrator, 26 ( 4 ) :24-27. Duignan, P. , Bezzina, M. ( 2006 ) . Constructing a capacity for shared leading in schools – Teachers as leaders of educational alteration. Retrieved on 24th August 2009 fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.uow.edu.au/educ/research/CEL/conferenceproceedings/2006/DUIGNAN % 20P % 20Paper % 2006.pdf Drago-Severson, E. Pinto, K, C. ( 2006 ) . School leading for cut downing teacher isolation: Drawing from the well of human resources. : International Journal of Leadership in Education, 9 ( 2 ) :129-155 Foster, R. ( 2005 ) Leadership and secondary school betterment: instance surveies of tensenesss and possibilities, International Journal of Leadership in Education, 8 ( 1 ) :35-52 Gale, T. , Densmore, K. ( 2003 ) . Democratic educational leading in modern-day times Journal of Leadership in Education, 6 ( 2 ) :119-136 Gurr, D. , Lawrie, D. , Mulford, B. ( 2006 ) . Models of successful chief leading Journal of Leadership & A ; Management, 26 ( 4 ) :371-395 Slater, L. ( 2005 ) . Leadership for coaction: An affectional procedure. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 8 ( 4 ) :321-333 Timperley, H, S. ( 2005 ) . Distributed leading: developing theory from pattern. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37 ( 4 ) :395-420 Lambert, L. ( 2002 ) . A Model for Shared Leadership. Educational Leadership, 59 ( 8 ) :37-40 Leithwood, K. , Riehl, C. , ( 2003 ) . What We Know about Successful School Leadership. Retrieved on 24th August 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncsl.org.uk/media/F7B/98/randd-leithwood-successful-leadership.pdf West-Burnham, J. ( 2004 ) . Constructing leading capacity: Helping leaders learn. National College for School Leadership. England: NCSL. Retrieved on 24th August 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.educationalleaders.govt.nz/Leading-change/Strategic-leadership/Building-Leadership-Capacity-Helping-Leaders-Learn

The Paradox Of Socratess Euthyphro Paradox - 1841 Words

Greek philosopher Plato’s account of the end of fellow philosopher Socrates’ life in The Trial and Death of Socrates includes a plethora of philosophical theories and ideas, but the one that stands out the most is none other than what is known as the Euthyphro Paradox. Found in the â€Å"Euthyphro† section of the book, Socrates brings up the idea of what is actually considered pious, or moral, by asking what exactly makes those things pious in the first place. More specifically, Socrates asks Euthyphro: â€Å"Is the pious being loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is being loved by the gods?† (Plato 11). At first, the irony of Socrates’ question is confusing, and it is never fully answered within the text, but it does force one to think deeper than typically done. That was surely Socrates’ goal in asking the question – to make Euthyphro rethink his ideology before making a life-altering decision. Prior to their conversation, Euthyphro was planning on prosecuting his own father on a questionable charge of tying up a slave and leaving him to die. Socrates initially compliments Euthyphro, stating that most people would not have it in them to be to prosecute their own father, no matter the reason, so Euthyphro’s ability to do so must mean he is much wiser than the average person (4). Euthyphro agrees, which is what leads to Socrates’ question – the Euthyphro Paradox. As stated above, the solution is not directly stated, but is merely discussed by Socrates andShow MoreRelatedSocrates s Euthyphro, The Conception Of Piety, And His Knowledge Of It1139 Words   |  5 PagesIn Socrates’s Euthyphro the conception of piety, and his knowledge of it, comes from Euthyphro’s teachings. Socrates challenges Euthyphro’s knowledge of piety, and how he will defend himself on trial against Meletos accusations. Starting a path of righteousness in Meletos perspective, he’s actually causing more harm to his people. Socrates tries to understand Euthyphro’s definition of piety through his Socratic Method. He goes further on to understand his own meaning of the relationship between godRead MoreWhat Good Is Good?1716 Words   |  7 PagesGolden Age (Bramann). There was little that people knew about Socrates himself because he did not write anything down. Most of his speeches and teachings were told through other people’s interp retations. One person who had his own interpretations of Socrates’s work was another philosopher by the name of Plato. Plato was a great admirer of Socrates and was heavily influenced by him like others in Athens during his time. In the dialogue, The Apology, written by Plato he described Socrates to be a very simple

The Effects Of Maternal Alcohol Use On A Fetus - 1755 Words

Even though there are many studies that highlight the damaging effects of maternal alcohol use on a fetus in utero, there are a multitude of other substances that are used by pregnant mothers that have similar and even, in some cases, more extreme repercussions such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. When speaking about pregnancy and drug use, the most common drug that comes to mind is alcohol. During 12 years of schooling, most people are exposed, at one point or another, to the idea of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the detrimental effects of alcohol on a fetus in utero. The effects of maternal use of the aforementioned illicit drugs is less studied, partially because they are used less frequently. It is important, however, that as a population, we become more educated about these drugs and the potentially life threatening outcomes for babies in utero. Four percent of women in the United States have reported using drugs during pregnancy (Jutras-Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, Hurd, 2009). Ac cording to records, marijuana is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy (Jutras-Aswad et al., 2009). Of the four percent of women who claimed that they used a drug during their pregnancy, 75% of those individuals labeled marijuana as their drug of choice (Jutras-Aswad et al., 2009). The percentage of users during pregnancy jumps to 7% when users included the times they used marijuana while breastfeeding (Hayatbakhsh et al., 2011). Genetics plays a role in how maternal cannabis intake canShow MoreRelatedIn Today’S Society Healthcare Is Changing Rapidly, Mainly1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthat should be addressed is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The valuable information found within so many resources allows for better prevention of FAS, patient centered care, and quality of care for not only the mother, but for the fetus as well. 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More treatment and pre-education should provided to women to inform them of the cause and effects of substance abuse. One major substance

Analysis Of Life Is Fine By Langston Hughes - 1191 Words

Poetry is a complicated yet beautiful artform. It allows for an individual to express their emotions and ideas by painting a picture using eloquent lines. Although alluring, poetry is also perplexing. It is almost impossible to fully understand what the author was exactly trying to get across in writing. There are however, multiple factors that can be used to help analyze poetry to get a better feel of that certain piece. In this paper, I will be analyzing Life Is Fine by Langston Hughes using irony, symbols, tone, rhyme, rhythm and meter. This poem consists of nine stanzas altogether. Three of the stanzas are written in italics. I believe that the reason that they are written in italics is to show that this poem is a monologue. The†¦show more content†¦It’s almost as if Hughes is trying to show that in life, most of the time you just dive right in without thinking about the consequences. But then, life turns around and bites you in the butt leaving you crying, hollering, and in shock from the â€Å"cold†. Even though it catches you off guard, frightens and shocks you, you still survive. You survive by fighting, and resisting the urge to sink. The elevator represents life as well, but in a different way. The stanza about the elevator states â€Å"I thought about my baby And I thought I would jump down† (14-15). I think that these two lines do a great job portraying that in life, a lot of times, you feel powerless and you want to just give up; however, you must remember those around you who are ruiting and depending on you. Often times, this can lead to stepping back and consciously choosing to not give up, and the main character does not give up at the end of this stanza. There are three distinct tones in this poem. The poem right away has a very melancholy tone, which starts off by just describing how the main individual is having a hard time thinking and decides to go for a swim. But then, the individual is enveloped in suffering: â€Å"I came up once and hollered† (5). Pain is also quite prevalent emotion in this stanza: â€Å"I came up twice and cried† (6). Stanza 7 is where the tonal shift begins: â€Å"I could’ve died for love-But forShow MoreRelatedReoccurring Themes in the Work of Langston Hughes Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes is an extremely successful and well known black writer who emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). He is recognized for his poetry and like many other writers from the Harlem Renaissance, lived most of his life outside of Harlem (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). His personal experiences and opinions inspire his writing intricately. 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Today, many authors and poets make use of their memories and experiences in their work as a way to reflect back on their lives, raise awareness, or just simply to tell a story. As a prominent contributor to the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes was an inspirational poet who highlighted many aspects of the urban life of African-Americans through reflections of his own life and experiences. As a writer, a poetRead MoreThe Negro Speaks Of Rivers1548 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes was an American poet, novelist, and playwright whose African-American themes names him a primary contributor to the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. After moving from several cities, Hughes and his mother finally settled in Cleveland, Ohio. During this time, Hughes began to write poetry. One of his teachers introduced him to the poetry of Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman, both whom Hughes would later cite as primary influences. By the time Hughes was enrolled at Columbia UniversityRead MoreShort Story Reactions Lit/1251644 Words   |  7 PagesReactions to â€Å"Salvation† This short story by Langston Hughes left me confused. I still wonder if he was saved or not; whether â€Å"salvation† should be the title of the story or not. â€Å"I was saved from sin when I was going on thirteen. But not really saved.† (Salvation, 351). This is how the story begins, with a contradiction. I suppose this some what grabbed me in interest for a while, but I do have to admit that I never truly understood if Hughes was â€Å"saved† or not. It almost seemed to me that thereRead MoreAnalysis Of Angie Thomass The Hate U Give786 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough this essay was written several years before the Harlem Renaissance was in full swing, the quote by Dubois is a precursor to the brilliance to come. Its also worth noting that Starrs experience in The Hate U Give solidly parallels Du Boiss analysis of Double-Consciousness. One of the major themes in The Hate U Give is the â€Å"two-ness† that the main character faces. Although she is from a poorer neighborhood, she attends a private school in an affluent area. Because the dialogue surroundingRead MoreNot Without Laughter Study Guide9912 Words   |  40 PagesLiterature Study Guide Not Without Laughter by Langston Hughes For the online version of BookRags Not Without Laughter Literature Study Guide, including complete copyright information, please visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-not-without-laughter/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2012 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works:Read MoreLiterary Analysis Of Gwendolyn Brooks s The Bean Eaters 1907 Words   |  8 Pagesencouraged; after reading her seven-year-old daughter s precocious poetry, Brooks s mother proclaimed to her, You are going to be a poet. Brooks published her first poem at age thirteen in American Childhoodmagazine. At age sixteen she met Langston Hughes , who read her poems and offered encouragement after a poetry reading. After graduating from an integrated high school in 1934, Brooks was a regular poetry contributor to the Chicago Defender beginning in 1934. After graduating from Wilson JuniorRead MoreHaving Our Say Essay9582 Words   |  39 Pageshttp://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-having-our-say/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2011 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, CompareRead MoreJazz Albums as Art Essay4662 Words   |  19 Pagessought new, more aggressive marketing techniques. The W.P.A. had sponsored artists to design murals, book illustrations, and other works of nonspecialized audience appeal and the American public was more aware than ever of visual art as part of everyday life. Many of those who entered the new field of album cover design had worked for one or more of the Federal governments work relief projects and brought to the new job the radical consciousness of the era. It is not so surprising that David Stone Martin

Evidence for Nursing Model of Clinical Judgement

Question: Describe about the Evidence for Nursing for the Model of Clinical Judgement. Answer: Part 1: General Content Questions Importance of using short and specific search terms in database search instead of long descriptive sentences Short and specific search terms easily identify information that an individual is searching for from the database. It does it in a way that can easily be interpreted by the search engine in its retrieval of necessary records. Descriptive sentences are ambiguous and commonly fail to retrieve the required records (Bernadette Fineout-Overholt, 2011). A search term is a query that leads to the information that an individual is searching. It should hence be short and specific. Descriptive sentences may lead to misinterpretation of the search statement. Relationship between two frameworks that underpin Tanner's Model of Clinical Judgement and Evidence-Based Practice The two frameworks that underpin Tanner's Model of Clinical Judgement and evidence-based practice are needs of the patient and the patient's health problems. There is a great relationship between the two. A patient's needs and health problems are concerns that worry the individual. Needs and health concerns are conditions that need urgent attention. An individual would only be happy and also feel comfortable when his or her needs are all met. At the same time, an individual would feel well and comfortable when his or her health problems are all sorted out. The purpose of a systematic review compared with a single randomized controlled trial A systematic review advocates for the use of meta-analysis component. The component involves the usage of statistical methods in the synthesis of data. The data is finally reduced to a quantitative estimate. A single randomized controlled trial is based on probability. There is no guarantee of surety. One has to stick with the result of the controlled trial irrespective of the kind of result that has been obtained (Alba , Gordon , Donna , 2015). Appraisal of the quality of a systematic review The quality of a systematic review is based on the performance of the selected statistical method. It the statistical method performs poorly then it is highly likely to compromise the quality of the systematic review. However, it the performance is good and outstanding, then the high quality review should also be expected at the same time (Abernethy, Currow, Frith, 2003). Part 2: Research Methodology and Results: Advantage of using randomised control trail study design in the article by Abernethy et al., 2013 The use of randomised control trail became advantageous because it was the only alternative at hand that could be used. The participants recorded completely different scores. The score could hence not be relied on. Instead, a randomised control strategy remained as the only alternative since it was not based on the outcome of the majority (Abernethy, Currow, Frith, 2003). Primary and secondary outcomes in the study The primary outcome is the very immediate results that were obtained from the study. In the study, the outcome is the thirty-eight participants who completed the study. The outcome further describes the members. The majority of them were senior men who suffered from the chronic pulmonary disease (Shifaza, Evans, Bradley, 12-55). They had been put on supplemental oxygen. The body functions of the individuals weren't in perfect condition. The secondary outcome, on the other hand, provides any additional results, for example, the information regarding the ten individual participants who withdrew over the period. Why the study used to cross over design Cross was used because it could easily be controlled by double-blind, peaceable as well as the randomised method. The process would not be the same if design method would have been used. It was hence appropriate for the cross to be used. Has the study used adequate sample size? Yes, the study used an adequate sample size. A total of 48 participants were identified. The number was large enough and was hence more representative regarding the total existing population. A good sample size should not be too small. At the same time, the number shouldn't be enormous to the extent that it poses management challenges. How the author assess dyspnoea in the study The author argues that patients who were treated with morphine showed positive improvements in the later times of the day compared to patients who had been put on placebo treatment. The author, therefore, indicates that dyspnoea is a treatable disease. However, its treatment depends on the kind of medicine that is administered to the patient. Some medicines responded positively towards the treatment of the disease while others didn't record an immediate impact. Looking at figure 2 above, the p-value is 0.05. This shows that the overlap area of Placebo control and oral Morphine ranges between 0.006 and 0.05. It is equal to 0.006, but less than 0.05. The P value, therefore, lies within the region of Oral Morphine. In other words, it indicates positive improvements (Alba , Gordon , Donna , 2015). Thinking of the overall result from the case study and the presented figure, the results show that oral morphine effectively treats refractory dyspnoea. The patients showed average improvement and eventually high improvement when morphine was administered to them. However, a negative response was recorded when placebo was administered to the patients. The patients didn't record any improvement at all. Effect of Morphine on the sleep of the participants Morphine never interfered with the sleep patterns of most patients. Very few participants who were placed on the medicine complained that they experienced breathlessness as a result of using the medicine and hence disturbed their sleep. According to bmj.com, the statistical data showed p=0.039. Consideration of Morphine therapy for patients who are suffering from refractory dyspnoea I would consider Morphine therapy for treatment of my patients. Tests have shown that morphine is an effective medicine in the treatment of refractory dyspnoea. Placebo which is the other alternative treatment mechanism has recorded no positive impact on patients. However, several side effects come along with the administration of Morphine. Such side effects include nausea, vomiting, sedation and chest pains (Alba , Gordon , Donna , 2015). I would still downplay the side effects because it is not guaranteed that all the patients who are placed on Morphine are likely to experience the side effects. The medical research showed that out of a total of 38 patients, only ten withdrew from the morphine treatment following the side effects (Shifaza, Evans, Bradley, 12-55). From the statistics, over 50% of the patients didn't experience any problem with the medicine. I would only advise my patient to withdraw from the medicine if he or she experiences the side effects. Relative risk of healing (RR), absolute risk difference (ARD) and number needed to treat (NNT) Relative risk healing is the average number of patients who were healed after treatment. The average risk would hence be (60% + 75%)/2 = 67.5%. The absolute risk difference, on the other hand, would be given by; 75% - 60% = 15%. Finally, the total number needed to treat was considered to be 100% Interpretation of RR, ARD, and NNT The relative risk healing of leg ulcer under the two bandages is above average. The difference between the two methods is also slight. As a result, the ARD is only 12%. The two methods can be applied to any given number of patients. Comparison between bandage A and bandage B It is good to use bandage B over bandage A in the treatment of leg ulcers. Bandage B treated a higher percentage of patients compared to bandage A. It treated 75% of patients while bandage A treated 60% of patients. Anyone who is in need of urgent treatment would, therefore, go for the bandage that has a higher chance of treatment. The results are therefore clinically significant. Part 3: Implementation of EBP Barriers to implementing new research findings into clinical practice There are several barriers that that hinder the implementation of new research findings in the clinical practice. Most sources have indicated that the poor support from the health organizations where nurses work has been the primary barrier. The conclusion has been attributed to factors such as quality of the research, presentation of the research, and research value and communication criterion of the research (Alba , Gordon , Donna , 2015). The major barriers include inadequate time, poor statistical understanding and inability to change patient care due to lack of authority. Why it is important for to take this subject as preparation for my role as a junior clinician The subject of Evidence for Nursing is very important for my role as a junior clinician. The practices that mainly focus on research findings are likely to lead to patients' improvements. The practices would also equip me with knowledge and skills that would contribute towards that improvement of the settings within the healthcare centre (Bernadette Fineout-Overholt, 2011). The subject also enables me to be more dynamic and effective in my area of specialisation. As a result, I would be able to make appropriate clinical decisions that I would otherwise not been able to make. Finally, the subject provides knowledge that can promote operations within the hospital settings, a move that would greatly benefit patients (Youngblut Brooten, 2011). References Abernethy, A. P., Currow, D. C., Frith, P. F. (2003). Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial of ... British Medical Journal, 523-526. Alba , D., Gordon , G., Donna , C. (2015). Evidence-based Nursing: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Chicago: Elsevier Health Sciences. Bernadette , M. M., Fineout-Overholt, E. (2011). Evidence-based Practice in Nursing Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Shifaza, F., Evans, D., Bradley, H. (12-55). Nurses Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Implement EBP in the Maldives. Advances in Nursing, 2014. Youngblut , J. M., Brooten, M. (2011). Evidence-based nursing practice: why is it important? Pubmed, 33-59.

Consumer Behavior Theories Approaches and Models Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Behaviour Theory for Approaches and Models. Answer: Introduction Consumers have their individual needs which make them unique by themselves as they are different from each other. They also have different consumer behaviours and consumer patterns. It is the marketing companies and the brands which makes the satisfy the needs of the consumers. The brands can offer various products and services which are uniquely designed according to the needs of the Consumers. In this article we would conduct an analysis with respect to the stages involved in purchasing a product and a service and we would discuss the factors which determine the consumer behaviour. Finally, based on Maslows Hierarchy of needs we would also analyse which of the factors the product fulfils. Steps involved in making a decision to purchase the product / service of your choice Decision making process in terms of a product or a service is a complex process however there is a specific process which it involves before and after the product is bought. This happens especially because the Consumer is influenced by various choices while he chooses to make his purchase. For example, the product I would choose would be a delectable Michel Cluizel Chocolate which is hard to resist. The various stages which are involved in a Consumer Decision making process are dependent on five main stages which have been developed by Engel, Blackwell and Kollat (1968) like Problem / need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternative models, decision to make the purchase and post purchase behaviour Problem / need recognition The need recognition is the most critical evaluation process which is required to decide whether a product has to be purchased. Considering the example we have chosen of a Michel Cluizel Chocolate, the need recognition is the most important aspect because if there is no craving or the need to consume the product, there is no need to buy it Mata Nunes 2010). To be able to realise or recognise the need to buy the product, one has to develop his own stimuli which can help him realise the physiological need to consume it. Information search The information search about a specific product depends on the urge of the person to seek various solutions or answers to his existing issue or a question. In case of consuming the chocolate, the person could do his homework on the positive facts and the negative facts of consuming it Jane, Stephen David (2013, p 17-19). Alternative Evaluation This stage happens after the person collects the information and this could also be termed as a decision making stage. Decision to make the purchase The basis of all the facts collected in the earlier stages provides the final power to make a purchase Milkman, Chugh, Bazerman (2009, p 379 - 383). Post Purchase behaviour In the final stage, the consumer goes through a process where he evaluates his decision of having purchased the chocolate and having consumed it. It is this final stage which has a great say on the brand or the product as the Consumer might have decided by then whether he has to decide to buy the product or should he refrain in the future. Identify and discuss four factors which might impact on a consumer decision making process to buy a selected brand of a product or a service. The effect of various factors on a consumer decision making process to buy a selected brand of a product or a service is dependent on various aspects like cultural, social, personal and psychological. Cultural Factors Culture has a large say on developing a personal liking towards a specific product or a practice. A person is highly influenced by his family or his own community where he grows up and spends most of his life. This will tend to help the individual to develop preferences for some products and will also help him to adapt them into their culture as a part of their lives Aribarg, Foutz (2009, p 518 - 530). Our example of a Chocolate has made its way into every Country and every culture where it predominantly has been accepted as a sweet treat. Social Factors Social factors evolve out of groups where the individuals are influenced by some of the habits which they cultivate and they also make them as a part of their life in the process. There is a close realtion between this fact and the product chosen as it is the quickest reach of a sweet treat to say that we are happy to someone or to celebrate any cause (NSW Ministerial Advisory Committee on Ageing 2004). Personal Factors Personal factors are dependent on the lifestyle and the ages of the consumers as the buying patterns are different at various age groups. People who are in the age groups of50 70 are much less likely to purchase a chocolate than those who are in the age groups of 15 35 Mata Nunes (2010, p - 289). Psychological Factors Various psychological factors like motivational aspects and perception related thinking have a major influence on the consumer behaviour. Based on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, which levels of needs do you think this product / service fulfils Based on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, an individual is usually motivated by various needs which he feel that he should achieve like Physiological needs Safety Needs Need to like a specific product or love it or the feeling to belong to it Need to have a great esteem or a feeling towards himself or others as well Need to self actualise (Kotler Armstrong 2010) The product we have chosen is Michel Cluizel Chocolate and it satisfies the Physiological needs of a person where the need to recognise it by a Consumer arises in various ways like internal and external stimuli (BS 2014a). Internal stimuli could be a need to satisfy his need or a physiological need and external stimuli could be because of an advertisement of a specific product or it could even be the enduring smell of the chocolate Jones Shaw McClean (2011, p 496). The physiological need of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is justified by three needs like functional need, social need and need for change. Functional need The special aspects of the product or the chocolate in this case could be the functional aspects. It could involve the specialty of making the chocolate like the hand made chocolates which are available in the present market and they could also be Michel Cluizel or the Swiss Chocolates which are special in todays market. Social need The social need is formed because of the association of the person with the others in a group or by being associated with a social group which makes those products. Need for Change Sometimes the Consumers feel like changing their needs or practices which they follow in their life where some of which could also be their eating and living methods. This could also be to embrace new habits or practices in their life to see an improvement or any specific change targeting some objective of their life. References Aribarg, A., Foutz, N. Z 2009, Category-based screening in choice of complementary products, Journal of Marketing Research, 46(4), pp. 518-530 Bray, J. P 2008, Consumer Behaviour Theory: Approaches and Models, Discussion Paper. Bournemouth University. Bournemouth Jane P, Stephen C David S 2013, Consumer Behaviour, Course Taster, 1 (4), pp. 17-19 Jones, D. G. B., Shaw, E. H., McClean, P. A 2011, The Modern Schools of Marketing Thought, In P. Maclaran, Saren, M., Stern, B., Tadajewski, M. (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of marketing theory. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 11(4), pp. 496. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G 2010, Principles of marketing, (13th ed.): Prentice Hall Mata, R., Nunes, L 2010, when less is enough: Cognitive aging, information search, and decision quality in consumer choice, Psychology and aging, 25(2) pp.289 Milkman, K. L., Chugh, D., Bazerman, M. H 2009, How can decision making be improved?, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(4) pp. 379-383 BS 2014a. Australian Historical Population Statistics 2014, ABS cat. no. 3105.0.65.001. Canberra: ABS, Viewed on Aug 19th 2016, https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001 NSW Ministerial Advisory Committee on Ageing 2004, Paying the price: the impact of mature age unemployment on government services, NSW Ministerial Advisory Committee on Ageing, Sydney, Viewed on Aug 19th 2016, https://www.maca.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/141535/Paying_the_price.pdf