The Effects Of Maternal Alcohol Use On A Fetus - 1755 Words

Even though there are many studies that highlight the damaging effects of maternal alcohol use on a fetus in utero, there are a multitude of other substances that are used by pregnant mothers that have similar and even, in some cases, more extreme repercussions such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. When speaking about pregnancy and drug use, the most common drug that comes to mind is alcohol. During 12 years of schooling, most people are exposed, at one point or another, to the idea of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the detrimental effects of alcohol on a fetus in utero. The effects of maternal use of the aforementioned illicit drugs is less studied, partially because they are used less frequently. It is important, however, that as a population, we become more educated about these drugs and the potentially life threatening outcomes for babies in utero. Four percent of women in the United States have reported using drugs during pregnancy (Jutras-Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, Hurd, 2009). Ac cording to records, marijuana is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy (Jutras-Aswad et al., 2009). Of the four percent of women who claimed that they used a drug during their pregnancy, 75% of those individuals labeled marijuana as their drug of choice (Jutras-Aswad et al., 2009). The percentage of users during pregnancy jumps to 7% when users included the times they used marijuana while breastfeeding (Hayatbakhsh et al., 2011). Genetics plays a role in how maternal cannabis intake canShow MoreRelatedIn Today’S Society Healthcare Is Changing Rapidly, Mainly1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthat should be addressed is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The valuable information found within so many resources allows for better prevention of FAS, patient centered care, and quality of care for not only the mother, but for the fetus as well. It is important to be able to have access to all types of resources, know how to interpret the information they are providing, educate the patient , and put it into practice in order to put an end to issues like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. One of the issues thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Reproductive Health1376 Words   |  6 Pagesdefects or termination of a pregnancy. Subjective teratogens are substances in which the mother consumes that cause defects to the child or also termination of a pregnancy. Substances such as air pollution, pesticides and mercury, as well as tobacco, alcohol and drugs are reported as having environmental and subjective teratogenic properties. Airborne particle matter small enough to penetrate human respiratory tracts are referred to as air pollutants; environmental teratogens. â€Å"The bulk of all air pollutionRead MoreDepression And Anxiety786 Words   |  4 Pagesduring pregnancy and greatly effect a women’s health behaviors. The impact of women’s mental health on alcohol use is very significant to examine as prenatal alcohol use, which is common and can have serious negative consequences for the evolving fetus. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety can increase risk for binge drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol use during pregnancy may be associated with extremely detrimental effects for the developing fetus. Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the leadingRead MoreThe Responsibility of Becoming Parents1506 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical health. The pregnant woman should not just ensure that the pregnancy affect her adversely, but also that she does not affect her baby’s prenatal adversely. The parent is the only route which different environmental factors can enter the fetus. Additionally, she is also the most critical environment that can severely affect the child prenatal development, which will later have some alarming consequences on the child’s postnatal and adult life. What the mother do during her pregnancy affectsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancy canRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome The Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus During Pregnancy1727 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy and is characterized by specific patters of fetal deformities. Researchers are unsure at what stage in the pregnancy these malformations occur or the amount of alcohol consumed to cause these deformities. FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation that is preventable. There are usually three factors pertaining to a diagnosis of FAS: â€Å"the presence of prenatal/postnatal growth retardation, craniofacial anomaliesRead MoreAlcohol Use For Disease Control And Prevention1446 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy.† CDC. 17 April 2014. We b. 20 April 2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that there is no known safe amount of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. The article suggests that â€Å"women also should not drink alcohol if they are sexually active and do not use effective contraception (birth control). This is because a women might get pregnant and expose her baby to alcohol before the mother knows she is pregnant.Read MoreThe Conception Process Of A Sperm Cell1709 Words   |  7 Pagesoffspring intertwine but do not join. The Fetal period: Lasting about seven months. The fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 3 ounces. The fetus begins to move, the extremities are distinguishable, during the fourth month and the sixth month the fetus would be almost formed I would have gained another half-pound to a pound. An irregular breathing movements occur. After the 25 weeks of conception, the fetus would have a chance of surviving outside the womb. However, it may need some help forRead MoreThe Maternal Depression During Pregnancy Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesMATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY Sasha Safi 20122595 Notre Dame University PSL 310 Dr. Lara El Khatib January, 7, 2016 MATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY When pregnant especially for the first time many women inform themselves on things they can do that are beneficial for the growth and development of their baby and things they should avoid or not do since it can be dangerous for their baby such as smokingRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 Pagesmany types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatment and pre-education should provided to women to inform them of the cause and effects of substance abuse. One major substance

Analysis Of Life Is Fine By Langston Hughes - 1191 Words

Poetry is a complicated yet beautiful artform. It allows for an individual to express their emotions and ideas by painting a picture using eloquent lines. Although alluring, poetry is also perplexing. It is almost impossible to fully understand what the author was exactly trying to get across in writing. There are however, multiple factors that can be used to help analyze poetry to get a better feel of that certain piece. In this paper, I will be analyzing Life Is Fine by Langston Hughes using irony, symbols, tone, rhyme, rhythm and meter. This poem consists of nine stanzas altogether. Three of the stanzas are written in italics. I believe that the reason that they are written in italics is to show that this poem is a monologue. The†¦show more content†¦It’s almost as if Hughes is trying to show that in life, most of the time you just dive right in without thinking about the consequences. But then, life turns around and bites you in the butt leaving you crying, hollering, and in shock from the â€Å"cold†. Even though it catches you off guard, frightens and shocks you, you still survive. You survive by fighting, and resisting the urge to sink. The elevator represents life as well, but in a different way. The stanza about the elevator states â€Å"I thought about my baby And I thought I would jump down† (14-15). I think that these two lines do a great job portraying that in life, a lot of times, you feel powerless and you want to just give up; however, you must remember those around you who are ruiting and depending on you. Often times, this can lead to stepping back and consciously choosing to not give up, and the main character does not give up at the end of this stanza. There are three distinct tones in this poem. The poem right away has a very melancholy tone, which starts off by just describing how the main individual is having a hard time thinking and decides to go for a swim. But then, the individual is enveloped in suffering: â€Å"I came up once and hollered† (5). Pain is also quite prevalent emotion in this stanza: â€Å"I came up twice and cried† (6). Stanza 7 is where the tonal shift begins: â€Å"I could’ve died for love-But forShow MoreRelatedReoccurring Themes in the Work of Langston Hughes Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes is an extremely successful and well known black writer who emerged from the Harlem Renaissance (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). He is recognized for his poetry and like many other writers from the Harlem Renaissance, lived most of his life outside of Harlem (â€Å"Langston Hughes† 792). His personal experiences and opinions inspire his writing intricately. Unlike other wr iters of his time, Hughes expresses his discontent with black oppression and focuses on the hardships of his people. Hughes’Read MorePoem Analysis : Langston Hughes Poem1258 Words   |  6 Pages Research Paper and Poem Analysis: Langston Hughes Poem Analysis: Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"Mother To Son† is a twenty line poem that seems to be from the perspective of a prudent mother that is giving her son, and possibly the readers, some helpful and supportive advice, telling them that, no matter how many adversities they may face, they can not give up. I believe that this is the main theme of the poem, perseverance. â€Å"So, boy, don’t you turn back./ Don’t you set down on the steps./ ‘Cause youRead MoreLangston Hughes ´ Memories in His Poems Essay834 Words   |  4 Pagesspecial purpose as the things you do in life shapes you into the person you will become. Today, many authors and poets make use of their memories and experiences in their work as a way to reflect back on their lives, raise awareness, or just simply to tell a story. As a prominent contributor to the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes was an inspirational poet who highlighted many aspects of the urban life of African-Americans through reflections of his own life and experiences. As a writer, a poetRead MoreThe Negro Speaks Of Rivers1548 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes was an American poet, novelist, and playwright whose African-American themes names him a primary contributor to the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. After moving from several cities, Hughes and his mother finally settled in Cleveland, Ohio. During this time, Hughes began to write poetry. One of his teachers introduced him to the poetry of Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman, both whom Hughes would later cite as primary influences. By the time Hughes was enrolled at Columbia UniversityRead MoreShort Story Reactions Lit/1251644 Words   |  7 PagesReactions to â€Å"Salvation† This short story by Langston Hughes left me confused. I still wonder if he was saved or not; whether â€Å"salvation† should be the title of the story or not. â€Å"I was saved from sin when I was going on thirteen. But not really saved.† (Salvation, 351). This is how the story begins, with a contradiction. I suppose this some what grabbed me in interest for a while, but I do have to admit that I never truly understood if Hughes was â€Å"saved† or not. It almost seemed to me that thereRead MoreAnalysis Of Angie Thomass The Hate U Give786 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough this essay was written several years before the Harlem Renaissance was in full swing, the quote by Dubois is a precursor to the brilliance to come. Its also worth noting that Starrs experience in The Hate U Give solidly parallels Du Boiss analysis of Double-Consciousness. One of the major themes in The Hate U Give is the â€Å"two-ness† that the main character faces. Although she is from a poorer neighborhood, she attends a private school in an affluent area. Because the dialogue surroundingRead MoreNot Without Laughter Study Guide9912 Words   |  40 PagesLiterature Study Guide Not Without Laughter by Langston Hughes For the online version of BookRags Not Without Laughter Literature Study Guide, including complete copyright information, please visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-not-without-laughter/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2012 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works:Read MoreLiterary Analysis Of Gwendolyn Brooks s The Bean Eaters 1907 Words   |  8 Pagesencouraged; after reading her seven-year-old daughter s precocious poetry, Brooks s mother proclaimed to her, You are going to be a poet. Brooks published her first poem at age thirteen in American Childhoodmagazine. At age sixteen she met Langston Hughes , who read her poems and offered encouragement after a poetry reading. After graduating from an integrated high school in 1934, Brooks was a regular poetry contributor to the Chicago Defender beginning in 1934. After graduating from Wilson JuniorRead MoreHaving Our Say Essay9582 Words   |  39 Pageshttp://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-having-our-say/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2011 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, CompareRead MoreJazz Albums as Art Essay4662 Words   |  19 Pagessought new, more aggressive marketing techniques. The W.P.A. had sponsored artists to design murals, book illustrations, and other works of nonspecialized audience appeal and the American public was more aware than ever of visual art as part of everyday life. Many of those who entered the new field of album cover design had worked for one or more of the Federal governments work relief projects and brought to the new job the radical consciousness of the era. It is not so surprising that David Stone Martin

Evidence for Nursing Model of Clinical Judgement

Question: Describe about the Evidence for Nursing for the Model of Clinical Judgement. Answer: Part 1: General Content Questions Importance of using short and specific search terms in database search instead of long descriptive sentences Short and specific search terms easily identify information that an individual is searching for from the database. It does it in a way that can easily be interpreted by the search engine in its retrieval of necessary records. Descriptive sentences are ambiguous and commonly fail to retrieve the required records (Bernadette Fineout-Overholt, 2011). A search term is a query that leads to the information that an individual is searching. It should hence be short and specific. Descriptive sentences may lead to misinterpretation of the search statement. Relationship between two frameworks that underpin Tanner's Model of Clinical Judgement and Evidence-Based Practice The two frameworks that underpin Tanner's Model of Clinical Judgement and evidence-based practice are needs of the patient and the patient's health problems. There is a great relationship between the two. A patient's needs and health problems are concerns that worry the individual. Needs and health concerns are conditions that need urgent attention. An individual would only be happy and also feel comfortable when his or her needs are all met. At the same time, an individual would feel well and comfortable when his or her health problems are all sorted out. The purpose of a systematic review compared with a single randomized controlled trial A systematic review advocates for the use of meta-analysis component. The component involves the usage of statistical methods in the synthesis of data. The data is finally reduced to a quantitative estimate. A single randomized controlled trial is based on probability. There is no guarantee of surety. One has to stick with the result of the controlled trial irrespective of the kind of result that has been obtained (Alba , Gordon , Donna , 2015). Appraisal of the quality of a systematic review The quality of a systematic review is based on the performance of the selected statistical method. It the statistical method performs poorly then it is highly likely to compromise the quality of the systematic review. However, it the performance is good and outstanding, then the high quality review should also be expected at the same time (Abernethy, Currow, Frith, 2003). Part 2: Research Methodology and Results: Advantage of using randomised control trail study design in the article by Abernethy et al., 2013 The use of randomised control trail became advantageous because it was the only alternative at hand that could be used. The participants recorded completely different scores. The score could hence not be relied on. Instead, a randomised control strategy remained as the only alternative since it was not based on the outcome of the majority (Abernethy, Currow, Frith, 2003). Primary and secondary outcomes in the study The primary outcome is the very immediate results that were obtained from the study. In the study, the outcome is the thirty-eight participants who completed the study. The outcome further describes the members. The majority of them were senior men who suffered from the chronic pulmonary disease (Shifaza, Evans, Bradley, 12-55). They had been put on supplemental oxygen. The body functions of the individuals weren't in perfect condition. The secondary outcome, on the other hand, provides any additional results, for example, the information regarding the ten individual participants who withdrew over the period. Why the study used to cross over design Cross was used because it could easily be controlled by double-blind, peaceable as well as the randomised method. The process would not be the same if design method would have been used. It was hence appropriate for the cross to be used. Has the study used adequate sample size? Yes, the study used an adequate sample size. A total of 48 participants were identified. The number was large enough and was hence more representative regarding the total existing population. A good sample size should not be too small. At the same time, the number shouldn't be enormous to the extent that it poses management challenges. How the author assess dyspnoea in the study The author argues that patients who were treated with morphine showed positive improvements in the later times of the day compared to patients who had been put on placebo treatment. The author, therefore, indicates that dyspnoea is a treatable disease. However, its treatment depends on the kind of medicine that is administered to the patient. Some medicines responded positively towards the treatment of the disease while others didn't record an immediate impact. Looking at figure 2 above, the p-value is 0.05. This shows that the overlap area of Placebo control and oral Morphine ranges between 0.006 and 0.05. It is equal to 0.006, but less than 0.05. The P value, therefore, lies within the region of Oral Morphine. In other words, it indicates positive improvements (Alba , Gordon , Donna , 2015). Thinking of the overall result from the case study and the presented figure, the results show that oral morphine effectively treats refractory dyspnoea. The patients showed average improvement and eventually high improvement when morphine was administered to them. However, a negative response was recorded when placebo was administered to the patients. The patients didn't record any improvement at all. Effect of Morphine on the sleep of the participants Morphine never interfered with the sleep patterns of most patients. Very few participants who were placed on the medicine complained that they experienced breathlessness as a result of using the medicine and hence disturbed their sleep. According to bmj.com, the statistical data showed p=0.039. Consideration of Morphine therapy for patients who are suffering from refractory dyspnoea I would consider Morphine therapy for treatment of my patients. Tests have shown that morphine is an effective medicine in the treatment of refractory dyspnoea. Placebo which is the other alternative treatment mechanism has recorded no positive impact on patients. However, several side effects come along with the administration of Morphine. Such side effects include nausea, vomiting, sedation and chest pains (Alba , Gordon , Donna , 2015). I would still downplay the side effects because it is not guaranteed that all the patients who are placed on Morphine are likely to experience the side effects. The medical research showed that out of a total of 38 patients, only ten withdrew from the morphine treatment following the side effects (Shifaza, Evans, Bradley, 12-55). From the statistics, over 50% of the patients didn't experience any problem with the medicine. I would only advise my patient to withdraw from the medicine if he or she experiences the side effects. Relative risk of healing (RR), absolute risk difference (ARD) and number needed to treat (NNT) Relative risk healing is the average number of patients who were healed after treatment. The average risk would hence be (60% + 75%)/2 = 67.5%. The absolute risk difference, on the other hand, would be given by; 75% - 60% = 15%. Finally, the total number needed to treat was considered to be 100% Interpretation of RR, ARD, and NNT The relative risk healing of leg ulcer under the two bandages is above average. The difference between the two methods is also slight. As a result, the ARD is only 12%. The two methods can be applied to any given number of patients. Comparison between bandage A and bandage B It is good to use bandage B over bandage A in the treatment of leg ulcers. Bandage B treated a higher percentage of patients compared to bandage A. It treated 75% of patients while bandage A treated 60% of patients. Anyone who is in need of urgent treatment would, therefore, go for the bandage that has a higher chance of treatment. The results are therefore clinically significant. Part 3: Implementation of EBP Barriers to implementing new research findings into clinical practice There are several barriers that that hinder the implementation of new research findings in the clinical practice. Most sources have indicated that the poor support from the health organizations where nurses work has been the primary barrier. The conclusion has been attributed to factors such as quality of the research, presentation of the research, and research value and communication criterion of the research (Alba , Gordon , Donna , 2015). The major barriers include inadequate time, poor statistical understanding and inability to change patient care due to lack of authority. Why it is important for to take this subject as preparation for my role as a junior clinician The subject of Evidence for Nursing is very important for my role as a junior clinician. The practices that mainly focus on research findings are likely to lead to patients' improvements. The practices would also equip me with knowledge and skills that would contribute towards that improvement of the settings within the healthcare centre (Bernadette Fineout-Overholt, 2011). The subject also enables me to be more dynamic and effective in my area of specialisation. As a result, I would be able to make appropriate clinical decisions that I would otherwise not been able to make. Finally, the subject provides knowledge that can promote operations within the hospital settings, a move that would greatly benefit patients (Youngblut Brooten, 2011). References Abernethy, A. P., Currow, D. C., Frith, P. F. (2003). Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled crossover trial of ... British Medical Journal, 523-526. Alba , D., Gordon , G., Donna , C. (2015). Evidence-based Nursing: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Chicago: Elsevier Health Sciences. Bernadette , M. M., Fineout-Overholt, E. (2011). Evidence-based Practice in Nursing Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Shifaza, F., Evans, D., Bradley, H. (12-55). Nurses Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators to Implement EBP in the Maldives. Advances in Nursing, 2014. Youngblut , J. M., Brooten, M. (2011). Evidence-based nursing practice: why is it important? Pubmed, 33-59.

Consumer Behavior Theories Approaches and Models Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Behaviour Theory for Approaches and Models. Answer: Introduction Consumers have their individual needs which make them unique by themselves as they are different from each other. They also have different consumer behaviours and consumer patterns. It is the marketing companies and the brands which makes the satisfy the needs of the consumers. The brands can offer various products and services which are uniquely designed according to the needs of the Consumers. In this article we would conduct an analysis with respect to the stages involved in purchasing a product and a service and we would discuss the factors which determine the consumer behaviour. Finally, based on Maslows Hierarchy of needs we would also analyse which of the factors the product fulfils. Steps involved in making a decision to purchase the product / service of your choice Decision making process in terms of a product or a service is a complex process however there is a specific process which it involves before and after the product is bought. This happens especially because the Consumer is influenced by various choices while he chooses to make his purchase. For example, the product I would choose would be a delectable Michel Cluizel Chocolate which is hard to resist. The various stages which are involved in a Consumer Decision making process are dependent on five main stages which have been developed by Engel, Blackwell and Kollat (1968) like Problem / need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternative models, decision to make the purchase and post purchase behaviour Problem / need recognition The need recognition is the most critical evaluation process which is required to decide whether a product has to be purchased. Considering the example we have chosen of a Michel Cluizel Chocolate, the need recognition is the most important aspect because if there is no craving or the need to consume the product, there is no need to buy it Mata Nunes 2010). To be able to realise or recognise the need to buy the product, one has to develop his own stimuli which can help him realise the physiological need to consume it. Information search The information search about a specific product depends on the urge of the person to seek various solutions or answers to his existing issue or a question. In case of consuming the chocolate, the person could do his homework on the positive facts and the negative facts of consuming it Jane, Stephen David (2013, p 17-19). Alternative Evaluation This stage happens after the person collects the information and this could also be termed as a decision making stage. Decision to make the purchase The basis of all the facts collected in the earlier stages provides the final power to make a purchase Milkman, Chugh, Bazerman (2009, p 379 - 383). Post Purchase behaviour In the final stage, the consumer goes through a process where he evaluates his decision of having purchased the chocolate and having consumed it. It is this final stage which has a great say on the brand or the product as the Consumer might have decided by then whether he has to decide to buy the product or should he refrain in the future. Identify and discuss four factors which might impact on a consumer decision making process to buy a selected brand of a product or a service. The effect of various factors on a consumer decision making process to buy a selected brand of a product or a service is dependent on various aspects like cultural, social, personal and psychological. Cultural Factors Culture has a large say on developing a personal liking towards a specific product or a practice. A person is highly influenced by his family or his own community where he grows up and spends most of his life. This will tend to help the individual to develop preferences for some products and will also help him to adapt them into their culture as a part of their lives Aribarg, Foutz (2009, p 518 - 530). Our example of a Chocolate has made its way into every Country and every culture where it predominantly has been accepted as a sweet treat. Social Factors Social factors evolve out of groups where the individuals are influenced by some of the habits which they cultivate and they also make them as a part of their life in the process. There is a close realtion between this fact and the product chosen as it is the quickest reach of a sweet treat to say that we are happy to someone or to celebrate any cause (NSW Ministerial Advisory Committee on Ageing 2004). Personal Factors Personal factors are dependent on the lifestyle and the ages of the consumers as the buying patterns are different at various age groups. People who are in the age groups of50 70 are much less likely to purchase a chocolate than those who are in the age groups of 15 35 Mata Nunes (2010, p - 289). Psychological Factors Various psychological factors like motivational aspects and perception related thinking have a major influence on the consumer behaviour. Based on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, which levels of needs do you think this product / service fulfils Based on Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, an individual is usually motivated by various needs which he feel that he should achieve like Physiological needs Safety Needs Need to like a specific product or love it or the feeling to belong to it Need to have a great esteem or a feeling towards himself or others as well Need to self actualise (Kotler Armstrong 2010) The product we have chosen is Michel Cluizel Chocolate and it satisfies the Physiological needs of a person where the need to recognise it by a Consumer arises in various ways like internal and external stimuli (BS 2014a). Internal stimuli could be a need to satisfy his need or a physiological need and external stimuli could be because of an advertisement of a specific product or it could even be the enduring smell of the chocolate Jones Shaw McClean (2011, p 496). The physiological need of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is justified by three needs like functional need, social need and need for change. Functional need The special aspects of the product or the chocolate in this case could be the functional aspects. It could involve the specialty of making the chocolate like the hand made chocolates which are available in the present market and they could also be Michel Cluizel or the Swiss Chocolates which are special in todays market. Social need The social need is formed because of the association of the person with the others in a group or by being associated with a social group which makes those products. Need for Change Sometimes the Consumers feel like changing their needs or practices which they follow in their life where some of which could also be their eating and living methods. This could also be to embrace new habits or practices in their life to see an improvement or any specific change targeting some objective of their life. References Aribarg, A., Foutz, N. Z 2009, Category-based screening in choice of complementary products, Journal of Marketing Research, 46(4), pp. 518-530 Bray, J. P 2008, Consumer Behaviour Theory: Approaches and Models, Discussion Paper. Bournemouth University. Bournemouth Jane P, Stephen C David S 2013, Consumer Behaviour, Course Taster, 1 (4), pp. 17-19 Jones, D. G. B., Shaw, E. H., McClean, P. A 2011, The Modern Schools of Marketing Thought, In P. Maclaran, Saren, M., Stern, B., Tadajewski, M. (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of marketing theory. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 11(4), pp. 496. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G 2010, Principles of marketing, (13th ed.): Prentice Hall Mata, R., Nunes, L 2010, when less is enough: Cognitive aging, information search, and decision quality in consumer choice, Psychology and aging, 25(2) pp.289 Milkman, K. L., Chugh, D., Bazerman, M. H 2009, How can decision making be improved?, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(4) pp. 379-383 BS 2014a. Australian Historical Population Statistics 2014, ABS cat. no. 3105.0.65.001. Canberra: ABS, Viewed on Aug 19th 2016, https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3105.0.65.001 NSW Ministerial Advisory Committee on Ageing 2004, Paying the price: the impact of mature age unemployment on government services, NSW Ministerial Advisory Committee on Ageing, Sydney, Viewed on Aug 19th 2016, https://www.maca.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/141535/Paying_the_price.pdf